Research Papers
This reading list is provided for general information. It is shared for general reading only. Ask your physician or dentist about your own situation.
Headache
- OnabotulinumtoxinA for treatment of chronic migraine: Results from the double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled phase of the PREEMPT 2 trialDiener HC, Dodick DW, Aurora SK, et al. Cephalalgia. 2010;30(7):804-814. Official page: doi.org/10.1177/0333102410364677
A large phase 3 randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of botulinum toxin A in adults with frequent migraine (15 or more headache days a month). This paper reports the trial’s 24-week double-blind phase. - Modulation of inflammatory mediators in the trigeminal ganglion by botulinum neurotoxin type A: an organ culture studyEdvinsson J, Warfvinge K, Edvinsson L. J Headache Pain. 2015;16:73. Official page: doi.org/10.1186/s10194-015-0555-z
A laboratory study using rat trigeminal ganglion tissue, the main nerve cluster that carries sensation from the face and head. It looked at whether botulinum toxin A affects several inflammation and pain-signalling molecules in that tissue.
Edvinsson et al., J Headache Pain 2015. Licensed under CC BY 4.0; copy hosted unchanged. - An Exploratory Study of Salivary Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide Levels Relative to Acute Interventions and Preventative Treatment With OnabotulinumtoxinA in Chronic MigraineCady R, Turner I, Dexter K, et al. Headache. 2014;54(2):269-277. Official page: doi.org/10.1111/head.12250
A small exploratory, randomised, placebo-controlled crossover pilot study in 20 adults with frequent migraine. It measured CGRP, a pain-signalling molecule, in saliva during treatment with botulinum toxin A and with saline. - European headache federation consensus on the definition of resistant and refractory migraine : Developed with the endorsement of the European Migraine & Headache Alliance (EMHA)Sacco S, Braschinsky M, Ducros A, et al. J Headache Pain. 2020;21(1):76. Official page: doi.org/10.1186/s10194-020-01130-5
A consensus statement from the European Headache Federation, agreed through a structured expert-voting process (the Delphi method), that sets out how the terms “resistant migraine” and “refractory migraine” should be defined in people with physician-diagnosed migraine. It describes what a physician reviews before using either label, such as past preventive medicines, headache diaries and other conditions to rule out. It is a definitions paper and does not test any treatment. Related page: Therapeutic neuromodulator treatment for TMD, jaw pain and physician-diagnosed migraine
Sacco et al., J Headache Pain 2020. Licensed under CC BY 4.0; copy hosted unchanged.
TMJ/TMD
- The therapeutic use of botulinum toxin in cervical and maxillofacial conditions: an evidence-based reviewIhde SK, Konstantinovic VS. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2007;104(2):e1-e11. Official page: doi.org/10.1016/j.tripleo.2007.02.004
An evidence-based review that searched for randomised trials of botulinum toxin in a neck muscle condition (cervical dystonia) and in jaw and facial conditions, including TMD. - Type A Botulinum Toxin in Myofascial Facial Pain and Dysfunctionvon Lindern JJ. In: Jost WH, ed. Botulinum Toxin in Painful Diseases (Pain and Headache, vol 14). Basel: Karger; 2003:42-53. Official page: doi.org/10.1159/000069634
A 2003 textbook chapter on jaw-muscle (myofascial) facial pain and dysfunction, and on the research into botulinum toxin A for these conditions at that time.
Bruxism
- Relationships between craniofacial pain and bruxism
- The two main theories on dental bruxism
- Waking-state oral parafunctional behaviors: specificity and validity as assessed by electromyography
- Sleep Bruxism: A Sleep-Related Movement Disorder
- Genesis of sleep bruxism: Motor and autonomic-cardiac interactions
- Bruxism: A Literature Review
- Assessment of bruxism in the clinic
- Treating severe bruxism with botulinum toxinTan EK, Jankovic J. J Am Dent Assoc. 2000;131(2):211-216. Official page: doi.org/10.14219/jada.archive.2000.0149
A 2000 case series of 18 people with severe tooth grinding, many of whom also had a movement disorder, followed over repeated botulinum toxin A treatments.
Snoring
- Mitochondrial dysfunction in muscle cells induced by snoring vibrationsStål P, El-Habta R, Qian YC, et al. Mitochondrion. 2026;91:102174. Official page: doi.org/10.1016/j.mito.2026.102174
A laboratory study that exposed a cultured muscle-cell line to snoring-like vibration and looked at energy-producing structures in the cells. The researchers also examined upper-airway muscle samples from people who snore and from people with a physician-diagnosed sleep-related breathing condition.
Stål et al., Mitochondrion 2026. Licensed under CC BY 4.0; copy hosted unchanged.